Diabetic Foot
Diabetic foot is a complication of diabetes mellitus, also known as sugar diabetes. Insulin deficiency disrupts the metabolism and prevents the body from receiving an optimal supply of nutrients and oxygen. This damages the blood vessels and nerves in the legs and feet. Those affected first notice this primarily in their toes – i.e. in the periphery. Narrowing of the blood vessels is referred to as peripheral arteriopathy, while damage to the nerves is referred to as peripheral neuropathy. Medically, this is known as diabetic foot syndrome (DFS).
Symptoms of diabetic foot
Due to damage to the peripheral nerves in the feet, those affected may no longer be able to feel pain properly. As a result, (minor) injuries go unnoticed and inflammation develops very quickly. These heal very poorly because the blood vessels are also damaged.
Narrowing of the blood vessels (stenosis) can also occur. This leads to circulatory disorders in the legs and feet. As a result, the tissue is not supplied with sufficient nutrients and oxygen. If the nerves are still intact, symptoms may occur when walking or, in advanced stages, pain may occur at rest. In the case of neuropathy, those affected also notice this very late. In serious cases, there is a risk of tissue death, leading to amputation of the foot or even the leg.
Risk factors
Long-term diabetes, poorly controlled blood sugar levels, high blood sugar levels and reduced pain sensitivity are factors that increase the risk of developing diabetic foot syndrome. Lack of exercise and an unbalanced diet are additional factors.
Treatment
As a diabetic, you should pay particular attention to good foot care. Check your feet daily for changes and injuries, paying attention to even the smallest injuries. Pay attention to wound hygiene and consult your doctor. If you have (open) wounds, you should definitely seek advice. It is essential to clarify any possible accompanying circulatory disorders. Medication or, in advanced stages, invasive treatments are indicated in these cases. In the case of extensive findings, surgery may also be necessary to improve blood circulation. The best treatment depends on the extent of the disease. Even if you have no wounds but experience discomfort when walking, your blood vessels will be examined for narrowings. These examinations are important, quick to perform and completely safe and painless.
If there is dead tissue (necrosis), which is indicated by black spots on the skin, urgent action is required. In this case, the circulatory disorder is already very advanced. Consult a vascular specialist as soon as possible so that blood circulation can be restored – otherwise amputation may be necessary.
If you check your feet daily and react promptly to any changes, it does not have to come to that. Many practices and clinics have trained wound management staff who can advise you. Control your blood sugar levels as accurately as possible, consult your treating doctors regularly and make sure you eat a healthy diet and exercise – take time for your feet!
Your vascular surgeon and vascular specialist will advise you on the best treatment method.
In episode 7 of our podcast "Gefäße im Fokus" (Focus on Vessels), you can learn about diabetic foot syndrome.